Arterial bleeding. Signs of arterial bleeding. Rules for stopping arterial bleeding

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Arterial bleeding. Signs of arterial bleeding. Rules for stopping arterial bleeding
Arterial bleeding. Signs of arterial bleeding. Rules for stopping arterial bleeding
Anonim

The human body is permeated with many vessels that contain a multifunctional fluid - blood. Throughout life, it is influenced by many factors, among which the most common traumatic effect. After it, bleeding often occurs. It is important to be able to correctly characterize the signs of the victim's condition in order to provide him with the necessary assistance. And if there is arterial bleeding, then save his life.

arterial bleeding
arterial bleeding

Main species

There are many classifications of this state. Specialists are closely studying them. To successfully assist the victim, it is enough to be able to distinguish between capillary, venous and arterial bleeding. This classification characterizes which of the vessels was damaged. Consider it.

  1. Capillary bleeding. Small vessels of the skin or mucous membranes are damaged. As a rule, this is a minor bleeding. However, if the wound is wide, the flow may be profuse. After all, a large number of capillaries are located in the tissues.
  2. Venous bleeding. This is a more serious pathology. In this case, the venous vessels are damaged. Blood containing carbon dioxide and metabolic products flows from the tissues to the heart. Then it goes to the lungs. The veins are fairly superficial. Therefore, they are often damaged. In case of injury, such vessels do not contract. However, they are able to stick together due to the thinness of the walls and the corresponding diameter.
  3. Arterial bleeding. This is the most dangerous of the conditions listed in this classification. Because bleeding is very fast. With this pathology, the arteries are damaged. They contain oxygenated blood. It comes to all tissues and organs from the lungs. The severity of bleeding exacerbates the deep location of the arteries. Their injuries can only cause a strong impact. Sometimes arterial bleeding can stop on its own, since such vessels differ in the muscular membrane. If damaged, they can spasm.
stop arterial bleeding
stop arterial bleeding

Causes of blood loss

What can lead to such a pathology? Bleeding can be caused by mechanical trauma. And sometimes it occurs due to the destruction of the vascular wall.

In medicine, the following causes stand out.

  1. Traumatic injuries. The sources can be thermal (for example, with a strong temperature difference), mechanical factors (bone fracture, bruise, wound).
  2. Vascular diseases, tumors. Diseases such as hemangiosarcoma, atherosclerosis can lead to the above bleeding. Sometimes a purulent lesion of the tissue, in which the vessels are involved, provokes pathology.
  3. Blood clotting disorders, liver diseases. The most dangerous are the following diseases: hemophilia, fibrinogen deficiency, von Willebrand disease, hepatitis, cirrhosis, hypovitaminosis K.
  4. General ailments. Diabetes mellitus, vitamin deficiency, infections (sepsis, viruses) or poisoning can provoke such a pathology.

Signs of bleeding

Each type of pathology has a number of its symptoms that characterize it. However, with blood loss, there are common signs. Among them:

  • weakness, increased sleepiness;
  • feeling thirsty;
  • dizziness;
  • pallor of skin, mucous membranes;
  • presence of cold sweat;
  • increased heartbeat, feeling of lack of air;
  • lower blood pressure;
  • weak but rapid pulse;
  • shortness of breath;
  • impaired consciousness, and sometimes loss.
signs of arterial bleeding
signs of arterial bleeding

To correctly interpret the nature of bleeding, you should carefully look at it. After all, it is precisely by such manifestations that the type of the damaged vessel is determined.

  1. Capillary bleeding is characterized by large drops oozing from the wound over the entire surface. Losses are usually small. Blood is red.
  2. Venous bleeding expires much faster. Especially if a large vessel is injured. Blood drips in streaks. At the same time, it has a dark red color, and sometimes even burgundy. Intermittent bleeding may be observed. However, pulsation is not characteristic of such a pathology.
  3. Arterial bleeding. The outflow from the wound occurs in pulsating shocks. Sometimes it looks like a fountain. Rhythm and frequency completely repeat the pulse and beats of the heart. Blood is bright scarlet. In this case, the losses are quite fast and significant. These are the main signs of arterial bleeding. They allow you to visually determine the nature of the damage.

First Aid

If the victim shows signs of arterial bleeding, you should act immediately. After all, this condition is the strongest threat to human life. The account can go for minutes. If proper assistance is not provided for arterial bleeding from the femoral, axillary or carotid vessel, then the victim may die after 3, and sometimes 2.5 minutes.

That is why we will dwell on each of them in more detail.

help with arterial bleeding
help with arterial bleeding

Injuries to small arteries

This kind of bleeding can be stopped with a pressure bandage. Several layers of gauze are applied to the surface of the wound. Then put a heavily twisted cotton wool or bandage. From above wrap several layers of a tight bandage.

Massive Wounds

In this case, the rules for stopping arterial bleeding are somewhat different. The best method available in any setting is to clamp the vessel slightly above the wound (the location closest to the heart in the bloodstream). However, it is necessary to know exactly in which area the damaged artery is closest to the surface. It is in this place that the vessel should be pressed against the bone.

You can determine such an area by the characteristic pulsation. As soon as the point is found, it should be strongly pressed down. For such purposes, one finger is not enough. Clamping occurs with the whole palm or even a fist. If done correctly, arterial bleeding stops immediately.

However, it is very difficult to occlude an artery for even 15 minutes. And when transporting the victim, this may become impossible. Therefore, the above method is temporary. It makes it possible to treat the wound and prepare the necessary material to stop bleeding in other ways.

Closing the arteries

tourniquet for arterial bleeding
tourniquet for arterial bleeding

In order not to get confused in case of bleeding and quickly find a suitable place to press down the vessel, you should remember the following points of the body.

  1. Inguinal fold - in case of leakage from the vessel of the thigh.
  2. The popliteal region - with bleeding from the artery of the lower leg.
  3. Axillary area, the inner side of the biceps muscle - for a damaged arm vessel.
  4. Area on the neck (inner edge of the sternoclavicular muscle) - when draining from the carotid artery.
  5. Supraclavicular surface - to stop bleeding from the subclavian vessel.

Applying a tourniquet

It was noted above that clamping is only a temporary relief for arterial bleeding. A more effective method to deliver the victim to the hospital is to apply a tourniquet.

This is a circular drag above the bleeding area with a rubber band. This method is the most efficient. After all, it allows you to pinch all the vessels located above the wound.

A tourniquet is a thick rubber band or tube. It measures from 1 meter to 1.5 meters. One of the ends contains a hook, and a metal chain is attached to the other.

venous and arterial bleeding
venous and arterial bleeding

A tourniquet is applied as follows. A gauze or towel is easily wrapped around the area above the wound. This will allow not to injure the skin of the victim, therefore, not to aggravate the flour. The limb is slightly raised and a tourniquet is inserted under it. The rubber cord is stretched as much as possible, and only after that it is applied to the body. Without loosening the tension, the prepared area is wrapped several times. The first turn is superimposed as tightly as possible. Subsequent ones should be somewhat weaker. However, they must lie down strictly butt. At the end, the ends of the tape are fixed with a hook and chain.

If the tourniquet is not at hand, it can be replaced with any other material. It can be a rubber tube, a belt, a bandage, a tie, or even a handkerchief. In the case of using a material that does not involve stretching, the tourniquet is applied by the following method. The injured limb is wrapped with a loose bandage. Any stick or plank is inserted under the knot. This device should be twisted until the bleeding stops completely.

It is important to remember that the tourniquet is applied slightly above the wound. The following signs will tell you that the manipulation was carried out correctly: the pulsation of the vessels below it is not audible, the bleeding is stopped, the skin covers are pale.

Memo on applying a tourniquet

It is very important to follow certain rules with this method of stopping bleeding. Ignoring them can lead to quite serious consequences. So, a tourniquet for arterial bleeding is applied with strict adherence to the following recommendations:

help with arterial bleeding
help with arterial bleeding
  • The method is only used for hip or shoulder injuries.
  • A fabric is placed under the tourniquet or placed over clothing.
  • Be sure to indicate the time of bandaging on a note that should be pinned to it.
  • The time the tourniquet stays on the limb is very important. For warm time it is 45 minutes. For cold weather - reduced to 30. If necessary, keep the tourniquet for a longer time after the specified period, the bandage is loosened for 15 minutes. After that, pull up again for 15 minutes.
  • A tourniquet is applied 5 cm above the wound.
  • The injured limb is immobilized.
  • The patient is given pain medication.
  • Do not apply a tourniquet to the lower third of the thigh and the middle of the shoulder.

Conclusion

Arterial bleeding is dangerous bleeding. Such a pathology can very quickly lead to bleeding of the victim. However, the right timely assistance to the sufferer will save his life.

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